Most women on dialysis are unable to get pregnant. This is usually due to
their older age as well as the effects of kidney disease on the their sexual
desire and hormonal systems. However, some women retain their ability to ovulate
and menstruate and thus pregnancy while on dialysis is possible and does
occur.
The pregnancy of a dialysis patient is rarely discovered in the first
trimester - the average gestational age is 16 weeks. Irregular menstruation,
frequent gastrointestinal and fatigue complaints, and a perception that
pregnancy rarely occurs in dialysis patients can all mask pregnancy. Thus,
diagnosing pregnancy early in dialysis patients requires a high index of
suspicion.
Unlike women with chronic kidney disease, there isn’t any concern that a
pregnancy will lead to kidney disease progression. As a result, most of the
risks and concerns deal with the baby and not the mother. Spontaneous
miscarriage late in the pregnancy is very common. It has been estimated that
over 20% of the pregnancies that make it past the first trimester will end
spontaneously. If the pregnancy continues into the third trimester, premature
birth is the rule not the exception – 80% of births are premature.
One of the biggest concerns with the pregnancy of a dialysis patient is
that a premature birth leads to permanent organ damage or death. The average
gestation age at the time of delivery is about 32 weeks. Survival rates for the
baby born to a woman on dialysis is relatively poor (60-80%). Also, there are
serous concerns about long term damage to their lungs, eyes, brains and growth
because of their premature births and low birth weights.
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